Apparatus, system, and method recording anatomic orientation and position

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are systems, apparatuses and methods for recording images of one or more selected anatomical features, and to facilitate re-orientation and/or re-positioning of such images to one or more desired positions.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 12/682,724, filed Apr. 19, 2010 (effective filing date Jul. 19,2010; now allowed; Atty. Dkt. No. 37182.129); which was a U.S. §371nationalization of PCT Intl. Pat. Appl. No. PCT/US08/80629, filed Oct.21, 2008 (nationalized); which claims benefit of U.S. Prov. Pat. Appl.No. 60/981,654, filed Oct. 22, 2007 (expired); the contents of each ofwhich is specifically incorporated herein in its entirety by expressreference thereto.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSOREDRESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not Applicable.

NAMES OF THE PARTIES TO A JOINT RESEARCH AGREEMENT

Not Applicable.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to the fields of medical imagingand surgery, and in particular, relates to positioning and reorientationof medical imaging data, and particularly to a system, apparatus andmethod for recording an anatomic orientation and position of one or moreselected anatomical features.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In a first embodiment, the invention provides a system for determiningthe orientation of a selected anatomical feature of the body of ananimal. In an overall and general sense, the system comprises: aprocessor; (a) a database for storing a plurality of data, wherein theplurality of data comprises three-dimensional data for determining theorientation of the selected anatomical feature of the body of theanimal; (b) an orientation-determination module that comprisesinstructions for obtaining three-dimensional data for determining theorientation of the selected anatomical feature; (c) a position recorderin communication with the orientation-determination module, thatcomprises: (i) an attachment device; (ii) a measuring device comprisinga gyroscope and an inclinometer that measures the orientation of a firstposition of the selected anatomical feature; wherein the inclinometer isconfigured to detect and measure yaw and the gyroscope is configured todetect and measure pitch and roll, and wherein the attachment deviceoperably couples the measuring device to at least one part of the bodyof the animal that comprises the selected anatomical feature; and (iii)instructions for obtaining a plurality of three-dimensional positioningdata from the measuring device to determine the orientation of thedesired first position of the selected anatomical feature; (d) a firstmedical imaging device in communication with theorientation-determination module and with the position recorder, whereinthe imaging device comprises instructions to obtain and generate a scancomprising a plurality of images of the at least one part of the body ofthe animal that comprises the selected anatomical feature in the desiredfirst position; and (e) a device to display the plurality of generatedimages.

Preferably the system includes at least three fiducial markers operablycoupled to the attachment device, such that the at least three fiducialmarkers create (a) a predetermined angle; and (b) a predetermineddistance with respect to the measuring device, both of which areconstant. In certain embodiments, the at least three fiducial markerspreferably are made of a CT- or MRI-compatible material. Likewise, theattachment device preferably includes an attachment band adapted andconfigured to secure the device to the at least one part of the body ofthe animal. The system may also further include a database containing aplurality of positioning data that identify the first position of the atleast one part of the body of the animal in three dimensions. Such adatabase may further include: (a) a computerized model of the positionrecorder; and (b) a plurality of positioning data that identifies asecond position of the at least one part of the body of the animaldistinct from that of the first position.

The database may further comprise a coupled image comprising thecomputerized model of the position recorder and the plurality ofgenerated images. The database may also further include a re-orientedimage wherein the scan comprising the plurality of images of the atleast one part of the body of the animal is re-oriented in a desiredanatomical position using the plurality of positioning data.

In a next embodiment, the invention also provides an apparatus forrecording a first anatomical position of a selected body part of apatient, comprising: an attachment device, wherein the attachment devicecouples to at least one selected body part of the patient; and ameasuring device, wherein the measuring device measures the orientationof a first anatomical position of the selected body part relative to aknown landmark within the body of the patient; and a connector thatcouples the measuring device to the attachment device.

The orientation of the first anatomical position of the selected bodypart may be measured three-dimensionally using pitch, roll, and yaw dataobtained from the measuring device, which may be a digital device, suchas one that includes a gyroscope, an inclinometer, or a combinationthereof.

In certain embodiments, the first anatomical position of the selectedbody part will include a natural position, and the apparatus willinclude at least three fiducial markers that are operably positionedrelative to the connector at predetermined fixed distances andpredetermined fixed angles relative to each other to define athree-dimensional space. As noted herein, these fiducial markers maycomprise a CT- or an MRI-detectable material.

The attachment device may include an attachment band or a jig, such asan individualized occlusal bite registration, which may comprise aradiolucent material, such as a dental acrylic material.

In a further embodiment, the invention provides a method for recording adesired anatomical position of a first part of a patient's body inthree-dimensions. Such a method includes at least the steps of:obtaining a position recorder comprising an attachment device and ameasuring device (which preferably includes a gyroscope, aninclinometer, or a combination thereof) coupled to the attachmentdevice; coupling the position recorder to the first part of thepatient's body at one or more defined locations; orienting the patient'sbody to a desired anatomical position of a first part thereof; andrecording the selected first part of the patient's body inthree-dimensions, by typically monitoring the pitch, the yaw, and therole of the measuring device.

In a further embodiment, the invention provides a method of performing amedical procedure. In an overall and general sense, this methodincludes: obtaining a plurality of positioning data for the orientationof a first selected anatomical region of a patient using a positionrecorder, wherein the first selected anatomical region is oriented in afirst, natural position; generating a computer model of the positionrecorder; scanning the first selected anatomical region of the patientusing a CT scanner, wherein the first selected anatomical region isoriented in a second distinct non-natural position; creating athree-dimensional representation of the selected anatomical region ofthe patient; re-orienting the three-dimensional representation of theselected anatomical region to a natural body position; simulating asurgery to determine the post-surgery outcome; and performing thesurgery.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following drawings form part of the present specification, and areincluded to further illustrate certain aspects of the invention. Theinvention may be better understood by reference to the followingdescription taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, inwhich like reference numerals identify like elements, and in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an anatomic orientation and positiondetector system in accordance with an exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an anatomic orientation and positiondetector system comprising a scanner in accordance with an exemplaryembodiment;

FIG. 3 is a diagram of a database in accordance with an exemplaryembodiment;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of one or more processor engines within thecomputer system in accordance with an exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 5 illustrates a perspective view of an anatomic orientation andposition recorder comprising an attachment device in accordance with anexemplary embodiment;

FIG. 6 illustrates a top view of a bite-jig in accordance with anexemplary embodiment;

FIG. 7 illustrates a perspective view of an anatomic orientation andposition recorder comprising at least one fiducial marker in accordancewith an exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 8 illustrates a top view of an anatomic orientation and positionrecorder comprising at least one fiducial marker in accordance with anexemplary embodiment;

FIG. 9 illustrates a perspective view of an anatomic orientation andposition recorder comprising an attachment band in accordance with anexemplary embodiment;

FIG. 10 is a flowchart of a method for determining a desired headorientation and position of a subject in accordance with an exemplaryembodiment;

FIG. 11 illustrates a perspective view of an anatomic orientation andposition recorder comprising an attachment device in accordance with anexemplary embodiment;

FIG. 12 illustrates a perspective view of an anatomic orientation andposition recorder coupled to one or more teeth of a subject inaccordance with an exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 13 is a flowchart of a method for recording a desired headorientation and position in three-dimensions and reorienting a head scanto the desired head orientation and position in accordance with anexemplary embodiment;

FIG. 14 is a block diagram showing steps 1340, 1350, 1360, 1370, 1380and 1390 of FIG. 13 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 15 is a flowchart of a method for recording a desired headorientation and position in three-dimensions and reorienting a head scanto the desired head orientation and position in accordance with anexemplary embodiment;

FIG. 16 illustrates a perspective view of an anatomic orientation andposition recorder comprising at least one fiducial marker in accordancewith an exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 17 illustrates a perspective view of an anatomic orientation andposition recorder coupled to one or more teeth of a subject inaccordance with an exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 18 is a flowchart of a method for performing surgery on a subjectusing a head CT scan that has been reoriented to a desired headorientation and position in accordance with an exemplary embodiment; and

FIG. 19 is a flowchart of a method for radiation planning and treatmenton a subject in accordance with an exemplary embodiment.

DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

Illustrative embodiments of the invention are described below. In theinterest of clarity, not all features of an actual implementation aredescribed in this specification. It will of course be appreciated thatin the development of any such actual embodiment, numerousimplementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve thedevelopers' specific goals, such as compliance with system-related andbusiness-related constraints, which will vary from one implementation toanother. Moreover, it will be appreciated that such a development effortmight be complex and time-consuming, but would, nevertheless, be aroutine undertaking for those of ordinary skill in the art having thebenefit of this disclosure.

There are several medical fields that require a desired anatomicorientation and position to be duplicated at a later time so as tofacilitate and improve diagnosis and treatment. For example, thediagnosis and treatment of craniofacial deformities require correct headorientation and position, known as the “natural head position” (“NHP”).Other examples requiring a particular anatomic orientation and positioninclude, without limitation, radiation therapy and dentistry.

NHP is the natural physiologic position of the head that is obtainedwhen a relaxed subject looks at a distant reference. NHP is relevant toat least craniofacial morphology, future growth patterns, and modes ofrespiration. Various apparatuses and methods have been utilized fordetermining NHP, but each of the methods to date exhibit inherentproblems, including instability, limited reproducibility, lack ofaccuracy, not accounting for asymmetries, limited information(dimensional limitations), measuring a static NHP, influencing headposture, alternating of the image and cost relative to reimbursement.Since there has been an increased utilization of three-dimensionaldiagnostic imaging, it has become more effective to provide a desiredanatomic orientation and position in three-dimensions. Therefore, thedevelopment of a new method of recording a desired anatomic orientationand position is warranted.

FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of an anatomic orientation andposition detector system in accordance with an exemplary embodiment.This exemplary embodiment disclosed hereinbelow describes an anatomicorientation and position detector system 100 specifically designed toobtain a desired anatomic orientation and position and reorient ananatomic scan to the desired anatomic orientation and position. Thisreorientation of the anatomic scan may assist the medical provider indiagnosing and treating a subject 160. The subject 160 may be a human oran animal. This anatomic orientation and position detector system 100also allows a medical provider to duplicate the desired anatomicorientation and position from one point in time to another point intime. The anatomic orientation and position detector system 100comprises a database 110, a processor 120 comprising one or moreprocessor engines 120 n, a user interface 130, a display 140, and ananatomic orientation and position recorder 150. Although the detaileddescription below describes the anatomic orientation and positionrecorder 150 being used to gather data for the orientation and positionof a subject's 160 head, the anatomic orientation and position recorder150 may be used to gather the orientation and position data for anyanatomic part of a subject 160.

FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of an anatomic orientation andposition detector system comprising a scanner in accordance with anexemplary embodiment. As illustrated here, the anatomic orientation andposition detector system 100 may further comprise a scanner 170 incommunication with the processor 120 in accordance with an exemplaryembodiment.

Referring to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, the anatomic orientation and positionrecorder 150, the display 140, the user interface 130 and the scanner170 is described hereinbelow. The anatomic orientation and positionrecorder 150 may be coupled to the subject 160 to gather and record theone or more head orientation and position data. As stated above, theanatomic orientation and position recorder 150 may be used to gather andrecord the orientation and position data for any anatomic part, not onlythe subject's 160 head. This anatomic orientation and position recorder150 may be in communication with the processor 120. In this embodiment,the anatomic orientation and position recorder 150 is in wirelesscommunication with the processor 120. Although this embodiment shows theanatomic orientation and position recorder 150 to be in wirelesscommunication with the processor 120, this communication may be via wirewithout departing from the scope and spirit of the exemplary embodiment.Additionally, the anatomic orientation and position recorder 150 mayhave a storage space wherein the one or more head orientation andposition data may be stored on the storage space such that it may laterbe transferred to the database 110.

The display 140 may be used for showing at least the anatomicorientation and position recorder image and a head scan comprising theanatomic orientation and position recorder 150. Although this embodimentuses a head scan, a scan of any anatomic part may be used withoutdeparting from the scope and spirit of the exemplary embodiment. Thedisplay 140 may allow the user to visually determine the proper couplingof the anatomic orientation and position recorder image to the head scancomprising the anatomic orientation and position recorder 150. Thedisplay 140 may be a monitor, projector screen, television unit, an LCDscreen, or any other type of screen or surface that allows an image tobe displayed.

The user interface 130 allows the user to interface with the anatomicorientation and position detector system 100. The user interface 130 maycomprise a keyboard, mouse, touch screen or any other user interfacedevice for communicating with the anatomic orientation and positiondetector system 100.

In one embodiment, this scanner 170 comprises a CT scanner. The CTscanner may scan the subject's 160 head and the anatomic orientation andposition recorder 150, wherein the anatomic orientation and positionrecorder 150 is coupled to the subject 160. The resulting scan may bedisplayed on the display 140 and/or stored within the database 110.Although this embodiment uses a CT scanner, any imaging modality may beused without departing from the scope and spirit of the exemplaryembodiment.

FIG. 3 illustrates a diagram of a database in accordance with anexemplary embodiment. Referring to FIG. 1, FIG. 2 and FIG. 3, thedatabase 110 comprises a subject name 310, a date 315, one or more headorientation and position data 320 comprising an X coordinate 321, a Ycoordinate 322, a Z coordinate 323, a pitch 324, a roll 325, and a yaw326, a computerized model of an anatomic orientation and positionrecorder 330, a head scan 340, a 3D facial skeleton 345, a coupled image350, and a re-oriented 3D facial skeleton image 360. The database 110 isorganized such that the one or more head orientation and position data320, the computerized model of the anatomic orientation and positionrecorder 330, the head scan 340, the 3D facial skeleton 345, the coupledimage 350, and the re-oriented 3D facial skeleton image 360 areassociated with the subject name 310. Again, although this embodimentuses a head scan, a 3D facial skeleton and a re-oriented 3D facialskeleton image, any anatomic part may be used without departing from thescope and spirit of the exemplary embodiment.

The one or more head orientation and position data 320 comprises the Xcoordinate 321, the Y coordinate 322, the Z coordinate 323, the pitch324, the roll 325 and the yaw 326 recorded from the anatomic orientationand position recorder 150 while the subject's head is in a desired headorientation and position. The computerized model of the anatomicorientation and position recorder 330 may be a substantially exactcomputer-generated representation of the anatomic orientation andposition recorder 150. The computerized model of the anatomicorientation and position recorder 330 may be scanned into the database110 or may be manually re-created within the anatomic orientation andposition detector system 100 and stored within the database 110. Thehead scan 340 of the subject 160 may be a head CT scan wherein theanatomic orientation and position recorder 150 is visually shown in thehead scan 340. Although the head scan 340 of the subject 160 may be ahead CT scan, other types of scans may be used without departing fromthe scope and spirit of the exemplary embodiment. The 3D facial skeleton345 may be generated from the head scan 340. The coupled image 350 maybe generated via the coupling of the computerized model of an anatomicorientation and position recorder 330 and the 3D facial skeleton 345.The re-oriented 3D facial skeleton image 360 may be generated from thecoupled image 350 using surface geometry and/or at least one fiducialmarker that may be coupled to the anatomic orientation and positionrecorder 150, and/or the one or more head orientation and position data320.

FIG. 4 illustrates a block diagram of one or more processor engines 120n located within the processor 120 in accordance with an exemplaryembodiment. As shown in this embodiment, the one or more processorengines 120 n comprise an anatomic orientation and position recordingengine 410, an anatomic orientation and position recorder modelgenerator engine 420, a scanning engine 430, a 3D facial skeletongenerator engine 440, a coupling engine 450 and a 3D facial skeletonreorientation engine 460. Additional engines may be used depending uponthe anatomic part being scanned and the images being manipulated.

Referring to FIG. 1, FIG. 2, FIG. 3 and FIG. 4, the anatomic orientationand position recording engine 410 collects one or more head orientationand position data 320 from the anatomic orientation and positionrecorder 150 while the anatomic orientation and position recorder 150 iscoupled to the subject 160 and the subject's head is in the desired headorientation and position. Once the one or more head orientation andposition data 320 is collected, the anatomic orientation and positionrecording engine 410 records the desired head orientation and positioninto the database 110. The one or more head orientation and positiondata 320 comprises the X coordinate 321, the Y coordinate 322, the Zcoordinate 323, the pitch 324, the roll 325 and the yaw 326 of theanatomic orientation and position recorder 150, while the subject's headis in the desired head orientation and position.

The anatomic orientation and position recorder model generator engine420 generates a computerized model of the anatomic orientation andposition recorder 330. The anatomic orientation and position recordermodel generator engine 420 scans the anatomic orientation and positionrecorder 150, generates a computerized model of the anatomic orientationand position recorder 330 and stores the computerized model of theanatomic orientation and position recorder 330 within the database 110.The scanner used in this embodiment may be any scanner capable ofscanning and producing a computerized model of the anatomic orientationand position recorder 330 without departing from the scope and spirit ofthe exemplary embodiment. In this embodiment, the computerized model ofthe anatomic orientation and position recorder 330 may be scannedthree-dimensionally.

The scanning engine 430 scans the subject's head and the anatomicorientation and position recorder 150, wherein the anatomic orientationand position recorder 150 is coupled to the subject 160 and thesubject's head is oriented in a second head orientation and position. Inthis embodiment, the scanner 170 used is a CT scanner. Although a CTscanner is used for scanning the subject's head and the anatomicorientation and position recorder 150 while the subject's head isoriented in the second head orientation and position, any scannercapable of performing the scan may be used without departing from thescope and spirit of the exemplary embodiment. In this embodiment, thescan may be performed such that the data provides three-dimensionalinformation. In addition, once the head scan 340 is collected, the headscan 340 is stored within the database 110. Although this embodimentuses the scanning engine 430 to scan the subject's head, any anatomicfeature may be scanned without departing from the scope and spirit ofthis embodiment.

The 3D facial skeleton generator engine 440 generates a 3D facialskeleton 345 from the head scan 340, which has been stored in thedatabase 110. The 3D facial skeleton generator engine 440 generates a 3Dfacial skeleton 345 that comprises the subject's head and the anatomicorientation and position recorder 150, which is coupled to the subject160. The 3D facial skeleton 345 is stored within the database 110.Although this embodiment uses the 3D facial skeleton generator engine440 to generate the 3D facial skeleton 345, the underlying skeletalstructure of any anatomic feature may be generated depending upon theanatomic feature scanned by the scanning engine 430 without departingfrom the scope and spirit of this embodiment.

The coupling engine 450 couples the computerized model of the anatomicorientation and position recorder 330 to the 3D facial skeleton 345. Thecoupling engine 350 provides a single image or an overlapping imagewherein the computerized model of the anatomic orientation and positionrecorder 330 and the 3D facial skeleton 345 can both be manipulatedindependently of each other, but within the same image or overlappingimage.

The 3D facial skeleton reorientation engine 460 reorients the 3D facialskeleton 345 using the one or more head orientation and position data320 obtained from the anatomic orientation and position recording engine410. The 3D facial skeleton 345 is an image created while the subject'shead is in the second head orientation and position. The one or morehead orientation and position data 320, which includes the X coordinate321, the Y coordinate 322, the Z coordinate 323, the pitch 324, the roll325 and the yaw 326, provides three-dimensional orientation and positioninformation that was taken while the subject's head was oriented in thedesired head orientation and position. The user employs this headorientation and position data 320 and the coupled image 350 to reorientthe 3D facial skeleton 345 from the second head orientation and positionto the desired head orientation and position.

It should be understood that there may be engines that perform multipletasks or that there may be multiple engines that perform a single taskwithout departing from the scope and spirit of the exemplary embodiment.Additionally, it should be understood that there may be additionalengines used for reorienting a subject's head from the second headorientation and position to the desired head orientation and positionwithout departing from the scope and spirit of the exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 5 illustrates a perspective view of an anatomic orientation andposition recorder 150 comprising an attachment device 520 in accordancewith an exemplary embodiment. In this embodiment, the anatomicorientation and position recorder 150 comprises a measuring device 510and an attachment device 520. In this embodiment, the anatomicorientation and position recorder 150 may also comprise a connector 530for coupling the measuring device 510 to the attachment device 520. Themeasuring device 510 measures the one or more head orientation andposition data comprising the X coordinate, the Y coordinate, the Zcoordinate, the pitch, the roll and the yaw. In addition, the distancesand the angles from the measuring device 510 to the subject's headremain constant so long that the anatomic orientation and positionrecorder 150 remains securely coupled to the subject and the subject'shead remains relatively still. The measuring device 510 may comprise astorage device for storing the one or more head orientation and positiondata so that they may be transferred to the database at a later time. Inthis embodiment, the measuring device 510 comprises a gyroscope. Thegyroscope rotates in various angles and measures the X coordinate, the Ycoordinate, the Z coordinate, the pitch, the roll and the yaw of thegyroscope. Although this embodiment uses a gyroscope as the measuring,device, other measuring devices, including but not limited to aninclinometer, may be used without departing from the scope and spirit ofthe exemplary embodiment. Additionally, the measuring device 510 may beeither analog or digital.

The attachment device 520 couples the anatomic orientation and positionrecorder 150 to the subject. The attachment device 520 may provide astable attachment to the subject so that any movement or vibrations areminimized during the anatomic orientation and position recorder's 150operation. In this embodiment, the attachment device 520 comprises abite-jig. The bite-jig is individualized to the one or more teeth of thesubject so that the coupling of the bite-jig to the subject's one ormore teeth is secure and stable.

FIG. 6 illustrates a top view of the bite-jig in accordance with anexemplary embodiment. Referring to FIG. 5 and FIG. 6, it may be seenthat the bite-jig comprises an individualized occlusal bite registration610, which may be present at the top and/or the bottom of the bite-jig.Although this embodiment uses a bite-jig as the attachment device 520,the attachment device 520 may comprise any device capable of providing asecure and stable attachment to any anatomic part, including but notlimited to a screw into the subject's bone, a permanent or temporaryattachment to the subject, or a permanent or temporary attachment to anequipment, such as a table, chair or platform, without departing fromthe scope and spirit of the exemplary embodiment. In addition, theattachment device comprises a radiolucent material, which may be capableof being scanned. The radiolucent material used in this embodimentcomprises a dental acrylic material. Although a dental acrylic materialmay be used, other radiolucent materials may be used without departingfrom the scope and spirit of the exemplary embodiment. Alternatively,the attachment device may comprise radiopaque material depending uponits application.

The connector 530 couples the attachment device 520 to the measuringdevice 510. The connector 530 may be formed of a suitable materialcapable of minimizing the movement and vibrations of the anatomicorientation and position recorder 150. In this embodiment, the connector530 is not formed of a radiolucent material, thereby not beingscannable. Although this embodiment uses a connector that is not formedwith a radiolucent material, a radiolucent material may be used, so longas the movement and vibrations of the anatomic orientation and positionrecorder 150 are minimized, without departing from the scope and spiritof the exemplary embodiment. Alternatively, the connector may compriseradiopaque material depending upon its application.

FIG. 7 illustrates a perspective view of an anatomic orientation andposition recorder 700 comprising at least one fiducial marker 750 inaccordance with an exemplary embodiment. In this embodiment, theanatomic orientation and position recorder 700 comprises a measuringdevice 710, an attachment device 720, a connector 730, a fiducial holder740 and at least one fiducial marker 750. The measuring device 710measures the one or more head orientation and position data comprisingthe X coordinate, the Y coordinate, the Z coordinate, the pitch, theroll and the yaw. In addition, the distances and the angles from themeasuring device 710 to, the subject's head remain constant so long thatthe anatomic orientation and position recorder 700 remains securelycoupled to the subject and the subject's head remains relatively still.The measuring device 710 may comprise a storage device for storing theone or more head orientation and position data so that they may betransferred to the database at a later time. In this embodiment, themeasuring device 710 comprises a gyroscope. The gyroscope rotates invarious angles and measures the X coordinate, the Y coordinate, the Zcoordinate, the pitch, the roll and the yaw of the gyroscope. Althoughthis embodiment uses a gyroscope as the measuring device 710, othermeasuring devices, including but not limited to an inclinometer, may beused without departing from the scope and spirit of the exemplaryembodiment.

The attachment device 720 couples the anatomic orientation and positionrecorder 700 to the subject. The attachment device 720 may provide astable attachment to the subject so that any movement or vibrations areminimized during the anatomic orientation and position recorder's 700operation. In this embodiment, the attachment device 720 comprises abite-jig. The bite-jig is individualized to the subject's teeth so thatthe coupling of the bite-jig to the subject's teeth is secure andstable. As illustrated and described in FIG. 6, the bite-jig comprisesan individualized occlusal bite registration 610, which may be presentat the top and/or the bottom of the bite-jig. Although this embodimentuses a bite-jig as the attachment device 520, the attachment device 520may comprise any device capable of providing a secure and stableattachment to any anatomic part, including but not limited to a screwinto the subject's bone, a permanent or temporary attachment to thesubject, or a permanent or temporary attachment to an equipment, such asa table, chair or platform, without departing from the scope and spiritof the exemplary embodiment. Also, the attachment device 720 comprises aradiolucent material which may be capable of being scanned. Theradiolucent material used in this embodiment comprises a dental acrylicmaterial. Although a dental acrylic material may be used, otherradiolucent materials may be used without departing from the scope andspirit of the exemplary embodiment. Alternatively, the attachment devicemay comprise radiopaque material depending upon its application.

The connector 730 couples the attachment device 720 to the measuringdevice 710. The connector 730 may be formed of a suitable materialcapable of minimizing the movement and vibrations of the anatomicorientation and position recorder 700. In this embodiment, the connector730 is not formed of a radiolucent material, thereby not beingscannable. Although this embodiment uses a connector 730 that is notformed of a radiolucent material, a radiolucent material may be used, solong as the movement and vibrations of the anatomic orientation andposition recorder 700 are minimized, without departing from the scopeand spirit of the exemplary embodiment. Alternatively, the connector maycomprise radiopaque material depending upon its application.

The fiducial holder 740 is coupled to the connector 730 and may beformed of a suitable material capable of minimizing the movement andvibrations of the anatomic orientation and position recorder 700. Inthis embodiment, the fiducial holder 740 is positioned in a manner suchthat when the attachment device 720 is coupled to the subject's teeth,the fiducial holder 740 runs widthwise across the subject's head.Although this embodiment illustrates the fiducial holder 740 runningwidthwise of the subject's head, the fiducial holder 740 may run in anydirection, including lengthwise, depth wise, widthwise or anycombination of lengthwise, widthwise, or depth wise, without departingfrom the scope and spirit of the exemplary embodiment. In thisembodiment, the fiducial holder 740 is not formed of a radiolucentmaterial, thereby not being scannable. Although this embodiment uses afiducial holder 740 that is not formed of a radiolucent material, aradiolucent material may be used, so long as the movement and vibrationsof the anatomic orientation and position recorder 700 are minimized,without departing from the scope and spirit of the exemplary embodiment.Alternatively, the fiducial holder may comprise radiopaque materialdepending upon its application.

The at least one fiducial marker 750 is coupled to the fiducial holder740. When two or more fiducial markers 750 are coupled to the fiducialholder 740, the fiducial markers 750 are positioned and oriented atvarious angles and distances from the fiducial holder 740. Thesefiducial markers 750 assist the user in reorienting the 3D facialskeleton that is in the second head orientation and position to thedesired head orientation and position using the one or more headorientation and position data and/or surface geometry. In thisembodiment, although three fiducial markers 750 are coupled to thefiducial holder 740, more or less fiducial markers 750 may, be coupledto the fiducial holder 740 without departing from the scope and spiritof the exemplary embodiment. Additionally, the at least one fiducialmarker 750 comprises a radiolucent material which may be capable ofbeing scanned. The radiolucent material used in this embodimentcomprises a dental acrylic material. Although a dental acrylic materialmay be used, other radiolucent materials may be used without departingfrom the scope and spirit of the exemplary embodiment. Alternatively,the fiducial markers may comprise radiopaque material depending upon itsapplication. In an x-ray scanner or a CT scanner, the material of thefiducial markers may be radiopaque. In a laser scanner, the material ofthe fiducial markers may be opaque.

FIG. 8 illustrates a top view of an anatomic orientation and positionrecorder 700 comprising at least one fiducial marker 750 in accordancewith an exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 9 illustrates a perspective view of an anatomic orientation andposition recorder 900 comprising an attachment band 920 in accordancewith an exemplary embodiment. The anatomic orientation and positionrecorder 900 illustrated in FIG. 9 is similar to the anatomicorientation and position recorder as illustrated in FIG. 7, except thatthe attachment device comprises an attachment band 920, in lieu of thebite-jig 720 (FIG. 7). The attachment band 920 couples the anatomicorientation and position recorder 900 to the subject. The attachmentband 920 may provide a stable attachment to the subject so that anymovement or vibrations are minimized during the anatomic orientation andposition recorder's 900 operation. In this embodiment, the attachmentband 920 is shown to attach using a hook and loop attachment, such asVelcro®. Although this embodiment shows the attachment band 920 to use ahook-and-loop attachment, the attachment band 920 may use any otherattaching means, including but not limited to a button, a snap-onconnector, or an adjustable attachment, without departing from the scopeand spirit of the exemplary embodiment. The attachment band 920comprises a radiolucent material that may be bendable and capable ofbeing scanned. Although a radiolucent material is used, any material maybe used without departing from the scope and spirit of the exemplaryembodiment.

Referring now to FIG. 10, FIG. 11 and FIG. 12, a method 1000 forrecording a desired head orientation and position of a subject inthree-dimensions will now be described. FIG. 10 illustrates a flowchartof a method for determining a desired head orientation and position of asubject in accordance with an exemplary embodiment. At step 1010, ananatomic orientation and position recorder comprising an attachmentdevice and a measuring device coupled to the attachment device isobtained. Exemplary anatomic orientation and position recorders havebeen described above. FIG. 11 illustrates a perspective view of ananatomic orientation and position recorder 150 comprising an attachmentdevice 520 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment. The measuringdevice 510 may comprise a gyroscope for obtaining three-dimensional headorientation and position data comprising the X-coordinate, theY-coordinate, the Z-coordinate, i.e., the pitch, the roll and the yaw.Other measuring devices may be used, including, but not limited to, aninclinometer, without departing from the scope and spirit of theexemplary embodiment. Additionally, the measuring device may be eitherdigital or analog without departing from the scope and spirit of theexemplary embodiment.

At step 1020, the anatomic orientation and position recorder is coupledto a body part of a subject at a particular location. The anatomicorientation and position recorder may be coupled to the subject's bodyvia any coupling device, including but not limited to an attachment bandor a bite-jig, without departing from the scope or spirit of theexemplary embodiment. FIG. 12 illustrates a perspective view of ananatomic orientation and position recorder 1200 coupled to one or moreteeth 1240 of a subject in accordance with an exemplary embodiment. FIG.12 shows the anatomic orientation and position recorder 1200 comprisinga bite-jig 1220, a gyroscope 1210, and a connector 1230 coupling thegyroscope 1210 to the bite-jig 1220.

At step 1030, the subject's head is oriented to a desired headorientation and position. This desired head orientation and position maybe the natural head orientation and position or any other desired headorientation and position.

At step 1040, the desired head orientation and position is recordedthree-dimensionally. The gyroscope measures one or more head orientationand position data comprising the X coordinate, the Y coordinate, the Zcoordinate, the pitch, the roll and the yaw of the measuring device asit rotates about. The distances and the angles from the measuring deviceto the attachment device are constant and predetermined

Referring now to FIG. 12, FIG. 13 and FIG. 14, a method 1300 forrecording a desired head orientation and position in three-dimensionsand reorienting a head scan to the desired head orientation and positionwill now be described. FIG. 14 illustrates a block diagram showing steps1340, 1350, 1360, 1370, 1380 and 1390 of FIG. 13 in accordance with anexemplary embodiment. At step 1310, an anatomic orientation and positionrecorder is obtained, wherein the anatomic orientation and positionrecorder comprises an attachment device, wherein the attachment deviceis attachable to a body part of a subject, and a measuring devicecoupled to the attachment device, wherein the measuring device records adesired head orientation and position. Exemplary anatomic orientationand position recorders have been previously described above.

At step 1320, the anatomic orientation and position recorder is coupledto the body part at a particular location. The anatomic orientation andposition recorder may be coupled to the subject's body via any couplingdevice, including but not limited to an attachment band or a bite-jig,without departing from the scope or spirit of the exemplary embodiment.FIG. 12, which has been previously described, illustrates a perspectiveview of an anatomic orientation and position recorder 1200 coupled toone or more teeth 1240 of a subject in accordance with an exemplaryembodiment. FIG. 12 shows the anatomic orientation and position recorder1200 comprising a bite-jig 1220, a gyroscope 1210, and a connector 1230coupling the gyroscope 1210 to the bite-jig 1220.

At step 1330, the subject's head is oriented to the desired headorientation and position. This desired head orientation and position maybe the natural head orientation and position or any other desired headorientation and position.

At step 1340, the desired head orientation and position is recorded in acomputer. The gyroscope measures one or more head orientation andposition data 320 comprising the X coordinate, the Y coordinate, the Zcoordinate, the pitch, the roll and the yaw of the measuring device asit rotates about. The distances and the angles from the measuring deviceto the attachment device are constant and predetermined The one or morehead orientation and position data 320 may be recorded and stored withinthe database.

At step 1350, a computerized model of the anatomic orientation andposition recorder is generated. The computerized model of the anatomicorientation and position recorder 330 may be a substantially exactcomputer-generated representation of the anatomic orientation andposition recorder. The computerized model of the anatomic orientationand position recorder 330 may be scanned into the database or may bemanually recreated within the anatomic orientation and position detectorsystem and stored within the database.

At step 1360, the head is scanned, wherein the anatomic orientation andposition recorder is coupled to the body part at the particular locationand wherein the head is oriented in a second orientation and position.The scanner may comprise a CT scanner. The CT scanner may scan thesubject's head and the anatomic orientation and position recorder,wherein the anatomic orientation and position recorder 1200 is coupledto the subject 160. The resulting head scan 340 may be displayed on thedisplay and/or stored within the database. Although this embodimentscans the subject's head, any anatomic feature may be scanned withoutdeparting from the scope and spirit of this embodiment.

At step 1370, a three-dimensional representation of the 3D facialskeleton 345 of the subject comprising the anatomic orientation andposition recorder is created. This three-dimensional representation ofthe 3D facial skeleton 345 is generated from the head scan 340 of step1360. The 3D facial skeleton 345 may be stored within the database.Although this embodiment generates the 3D facial skeleton 345, theunderlying skeletal structure of any anatomic feature may be generateddepending upon the anatomic feature scanned at step 1360 withoutdeparting from the scope and spirit of this embodiment.

At step 1380, the computerized model of the anatomic orientation andposition recorder 330 is coupled to the three-dimensional representationof the 3D facial skeleton 345. A coupled image 350 results therefrom,wherein the user may manipulate either of the two images independentlyof one another. This coupled image 350 may be stored within thedatabase.

At step 1390, the three-dimensional representation of the 3D facialskeleton is reoriented to the desired head orientation and position. Theone or more head orientation and position data 320 is used inconjunction with the coupled image 350 to generate the re-oriented 3Dfacial skeleton image 360. The 3D facial skeleton 345 within the coupledimage 350 is reoriented to the desired orientation and positionresulting in the re-oriented 3D facial skeleton image 360. In addition,surface geometry may be used in this re-orientation process in lieu ofthe one or more head orientation and position data 320, or incombination with it.

Referring now to FIG. 14, FIG. 15, FIG. 16 and FIG. 17, a method 1500for recording a desired head orientation and position inthree-dimensions and reorienting a head scan to the desired headorientation and position will now be described. FIG. 15 illustrates aflowchart of a method for recording a desired head orientation andposition in three-dimensions and reorienting a head scan to the desiredhead orientation and position in accordance with an exemplaryembodiment. FIG. 14 illustrates a block diagram showing steps 1340,1350, 1360, 1370, 1380 and 1390 of FIG. 13 in accordance with anexemplary embodiment. At step 1510, an anatomic orientation and positionrecorder is obtained, wherein the anatomic orientation and positionrecorder comprises a bite-jig, a measuring device for recording adesired head orientation and position of a subject, a connector couplingthe measuring device to the bite-jig, and at least one fiducial markercoupled to the connector. Exemplary anatomic orientation and positionrecorders have been previously described above.

FIG. 16 illustrates a perspective view of an anatomic orientation andposition recorder comprising at least one fiducial marker in accordancewith an exemplary embodiment. The measuring device 710 may comprise agyroscope for obtaining three-dimensional head orientation and positiondata comprising the X coordinate, the Y coordinate, the Z coordinate,the pitch, the roll and the yaw. Other measuring devices may be used,including but not limited to an inclinometer, without departing from thescope and spirit of the exemplary embodiment. Additionally, themeasuring device may be either digital or analog without departing fromthe scope and spirit of the exemplary embodiment. Although the methoddescribed in this embodiment uses a bite-jig, any attachment device maybe used without departing from the scope and spirit of the exemplaryembodiment.

At step 1520, the bite-jig is coupled to one or more teeth of thesubject. FIG. 17 illustrates a perspective view of an anatomicorientation and position recorder 1700 coupled to the one or more teeth1740 of a subject in accordance with an exemplary embodiment. FIG. 17shows the anatomic orientation and position recorder 1700 comprising abite-jig 1720, a gyroscope 1710, a connector 1730 coupling the gyroscope1210 to the bite-jig 1220 and at least one fiducial marker 1750 coupledto the connector 1730. Although this embodiment uses at least onefiducial marker for determining the orientation and position of ananatomic part, at least one surface marker, including but not limited tosurface topography, may be used in lieu of or in addition to the atleast one fiducial marker without departing from the scope and spirit ofthe exemplary embodiment.

At step 1530, the subject's head is oriented to the desired headorientation and position. This desired head orientation and position maybe the natural head orientation and position or any other desired headorientation and position.

At step 1540, the desired head orientation and position is recorded in acomputer using the X coordinate, the Y coordinate, the Z coordinate, thepitch, roll and yaw of the measuring device. The gyroscope measures oneor more head orientation and position data 320 comprising the Xcoordinate, the Y coordinate, the Z coordinate, the pitch, the roll andthe yaw of the measuring device as it rotates about. The distances andthe angles from the measuring device to the at least one fiducial markerare constant and predetermined The one or more head orientation andposition data 320 may be recorded and stored within the database.Although this embodiment uses at least one fiducial marker for measuringthe distances and angles, at least one surface marker may be used inlieu of or in addition to the at least one fiducial marker withoutdeparting from the scope and spirit of the exemplary embodiment.

At step 1550, a computerized model of the anatomic orientation andposition recorder is generated. The computerized model of the anatomicorientation and position recorder 330 may be a substantially exactcomputer-generated representation of the anatomic orientation andposition recorder. The computerized model of the anatomic orientationand position recorder 330 may be scanned into the database or may bemanually recreated within the anatomic orientation and position detectorsystem and stored within the database.

At step 1560, the head is scanned, wherein the bite-jig is coupled tothe one or more teeth and wherein the head is oriented in a secondorientation and position. The scanner may comprise a CT scanner. The CTscanner may scan the subject's head and the anatomic orientation andposition recorder, wherein the anatomic orientation and positionrecorder 1700 is coupled to the subject 160. The resulting head scan 340may be displayed on the display and/or stored within the database.

At step 1570, a three-dimensional representation of the 3D facialskeleton of the subject comprising the at least one fiducial marker iscreated. This three-dimensional representation of the 3D facial skeleton345 is generated from the head scan 340 of step 1360. The 3D facialskeleton 345 may be stored within the database. Although this embodimentcreates a three-dimensional representation of the 3D facial skeleton ofthe subject comprising the at least one fiducial marker, at least onesurface marker may be used in lieu of or in addition to the at least onefiducial marker without departing from the scope and spirit of theexemplary embodiment.

At step 1580, the computerized model of the anatomic orientation andposition recorder is coupled to the three-dimensional representation ofthe 3D facial skeleton. In one embodiment, the fiducial markers are usedto couple the two images. A coupled image 350 results therefrom, whereinthe user may manipulate either of the two images independently of oneanother. This coupled image 350 may be stored within the database.Although this embodiment uses the at least one fiducial marker to couplethe two images, at least one surface marker may be used in lieu of or inaddition to the at least one fiducial marker without departing from thescope and spirit of the exemplary embodiment.

At step 1590, the three-dimensional representation of the 3D facialskeleton is reoriented to the desired head orientation and position. Theone or more head orientation and position data 320 is used inconjunction with the coupled image 350 to generate the re-oriented 3Dfacial skeleton image 360. The 3D facial skeleton 345 within the coupledimage 350 is reoriented to the desired orientation and positionresulting in the re-oriented 3D facial skeleton image 360.

FIG. 18 illustrates a flowchart of a method 1800 for performing surgeryon a subject using a head CT scan that has been reoriented to a desiredhead orientation and position in accordance with an exemplaryembodiment. At step 1810 one or more head orientation and position datafor the orientation of the head of a subject is obtained using ananatomic orientation and position recorder, wherein the head is orientedin a desired head orientation and position. Exemplary anatomicorientation and position recorders have been previously described above.At step 1820 a computerized model of the anatomic orientation andposition recorder is generated. At step 1830 the head of the subject isscanned using a CT scanner, wherein the head is oriented in a secondorientation and position. At step 1840 a three-dimensionalrepresentation of the 3D facial skeleton of the subject is created. Atstep 1850 the three-dimensional representation of the 3D facial skeletonis reoriented to the desired head orientation and position. At step 1860a surgery is simulated to determine the post-surgery outcome. At step1870 the surgery is performed. In performing the surgery, the subject isfirst placed in the desired orientation and position and then thesurgery is performed on the subject.

FIG. 19 illustrates a flowchart of a method 1900 for radiation planningon a subject. At step 1910, the subject is virtually oriented andpositioned into a desired orientation and position in a computer. Atstep 1920, radiation treatment planning is performed on the virtuallyoriented and positioned subject. At step 1930, the desired orientationand position of the virtual subject is recorded. At step 1940, thesubject is oriented and positioned in the desired orientation andposition during actual treatment. At step 1950, the treatment isperformed on the subject. Although this embodiment illustrates radiationtreatment, any type of treatment that requires a subject to be in aparticular orientation and position may be performed, without departingfrom the scope and spirit of the exemplary embodiment.

In an alternative embodiment, a user may create a representation of asubject and manipulate the representation to determine a desiredorientation and position. This representation may be a three-dimensionalmodel or an image on a display. The desired orientation and positionmay, but is not limited to, be an orientation and position forfacilitating a medical treatment. Once the desired orientation andposition is obtained from the representation, the user may orient thesubject itself, using an anatomic orientation and position recorder, tothe desired orientation and position and perform the medical treatment.Although this embodiment determines the desired orientation and positionon the representation which then allows the subject to be placed in thedesired orientation and position for a medical treatment, alternativepurposes, other than facilitating a medical treatment, may be foundwithout departing from the scope and spirit of the exemplary embodiment.

Although the invention has been described with reference to specificembodiments, these descriptions are not meant to be construed in alimiting sense. Various modifications of the disclosed embodiments, aswell as alternative embodiments of the invention will become apparent topersons skilled in the art upon reference to the description of theinvention. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that theconception and the specific embodiments disclosed may be readilyutilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures forcarrying out the same purposes of the invention. It should also berealized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructionsdo not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth inthe appended claims. It is therefore, contemplated that the claims willcover any such modifications or embodiments that fall within the scopeof the invention. All of the compositions and methods disclosed andclaimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation inlight of the present disclosure. While the systems, apparatuses, andmethods of this invention have been described in terms of preferredembodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art thatvariations may be applied to the systems, apparatuses, and methods andin the steps or in the sequence of steps of the method described hereinwithout departing from the concept, spirit and scope of the invention.More specifically, it will be apparent that certain agents, which arechemically and/or physiologically related, may be substituted for one ormore of the agents described herein, while achieving the same or similarresults. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent tothose skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope andconcept of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for determining the orientation of aselected anatomical feature of the body of an animal, the systemcomprising: (a) a processor; (b) a database for storing a plurality ofdata, wherein the plurality of data comprises three-dimensional data fordetermining the orientation of the selected anatomical feature of thebody of the animal; (c) an orientation-determination module thatcomprises instructions for obtaining three-dimensional data fordetermining the orientation of the selected anatomical feature; (d) aposition recorder in communication with the orientation-determinationmodule, that comprises: (i) an attachment device; (ii) a measuringdevice comprising a gyroscope and an inclinometer that measures theorientation of a first position of the selected anatomical feature;wherein the inclinometer is configured to detect and measure yaw and thegyroscope is configured to detect and measure pitch and roll, andwherein the attachment device operably couples the measuring device toat least one part of the body of the animal that comprises the selectedanatomical feature; and (iii) instructions for obtaining a plurality ofthree-dimensional positioning data from the measuring device todetermine the orientation of the desired first position of the selectedanatomical feature; (e) a first medical imaging device in communicationwith the orientation-determination module and with the positionrecorder, wherein the imaging device comprises instructions to obtainand generate a scan comprising a plurality of images of the at least onepart of the body of the animal that comprises the selected anatomicalfeature in the desired first position; and (f) a device to display theplurality of generated images.
 2. The system of claim 1, furthercomprising at least three fiducial markers coupled to the attachmentdevice.
 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the at least three fiducialmarkers create (a) a predetermined angle; and (b) a predetermineddistance with respect to the measuring device, both of which areconstant.
 4. The system of claim 2, wherein the at least three fiducialmarkers comprise a CT- or MRI-compatible material.
 5. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the attachment device comprises an attachment bandadapted and configured to secure the device to the at least one part ofthe body of the animal.
 6. The system of claim 1, further comprising adatabase containing a plurality of positioning data that identify thefirst position of the at least one part of the body of the animal inthree dimensions.
 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the database furthercomprises: (a) a computerized model of the position recorder; and (b) aplurality of positioning data that identifies a second position of theat least one part of the body of the animal distinct from that of thefirst position.
 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the database furthercomprises a coupled image comprising the computerized model of theposition recorder and the plurality of generated images.
 9. The systemof claim 8, wherein the database further comprises a re-oriented imagewherein the scan comprising the plurality of images of the at least onepart of the body of the animal is re-oriented in a desired anatomicalposition using the plurality of positioning data.
 10. An apparatus forrecording a first anatomical position of a selected body part of apatient, comprising: (a) an attachment device, wherein the attachmentdevice couples to at least one selected body part of the patient; (b) ameasuring device, wherein the measuring device measures the orientationof a first anatomical position of the selected body part relative to aknown landmark within the body of the patient; and (c) a connector thatcouples the measuring device to the attachment device.
 11. The apparatusof claim 10, wherein the orientation of the first anatomical position ofthe selected body part is measured three-dimensionally using pitch, rolland yaw data obtained from the measuring device.
 12. The apparatus ofclaim 10, wherein the measuring device comprises a gyroscope, aninclinometer, or a combination thereof.
 13. The apparatus of claim 10,wherein the first anatomical position of the selected body partcomprises a natural position.
 14. The apparatus of claim 10, furthercomprising at least three fiducial markers that are operably positionedrelative to the connector at predetermined fixed distances andpredetermined fixed angles relative to each other to define athree-dimensional space.
 15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein thefiducial markers comprise a CT- or an MRI-detectable material.
 16. Theapparatus of claim 10, wherein the measuring device is digital.
 17. Theapparatus of claim 10, wherein the attachment device comprises anattachment band or a jig.
 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the jigcomprises an individualized occlusal bite registration.
 19. Theapparatus of claim 18, wherein the individualized occlusal biteregistration comprises a radiolucent material.
 20. The apparatus ofclaim 19, wherein the radiolucent material comprises a dental acrylicmaterial.
 21. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the selected body partcomprises one or more teeth of the patient.
 22. A method for recording adesired anatomical position of a first part of a patient's body inthree-dimensions, comprising: (a) obtaining a position recordercomprising an attachment device and a measuring device coupled to theattachment device; (b) coupling the position recorder to the first partof the patient's body at one or more defined locations; (c) orientingthe patient's body to a desired anatomical position of a first partthereof; and (d) recording the selected first part of the patient's bodyin three-dimensions.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the measuringdevice comprises a gyroscope, an inclinometer, or a combination thereof.24. The method of claim 22, wherein recording the selected first part ofthe patient's body is performed by recording the pitch, the yaw, and therole of the measuring device.
 25. A method of performing a medicalprocedure, comprising: (a) obtaining a plurality of positioning data forthe orientation of a first selected anatomical region of a patient usinga position recorder, wherein the first selected anatomical region isoriented in a first, natural position; (b) generating a computer modelof the position recorder; (c) scanning the first selected anatomicalregion of the patient using a CT scanner, wherein the first selectedanatomical region is oriented in a second distinct non-natural position;(d) creating a three-dimensional representation of the selectedanatomical region of the patient; (e) re-orienting the three-dimensionalrepresentation of the selected anatomical region to a natural bodyposition; (f) simulating a surgery to determine the post-surgeryoutcome; and (g) performing the surgery.